Retail sales, Great Britain: October 2015

A first estimate of retail sales in volume and value terms, seasonally and non-seasonally adjusted.

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Contact:
Email Melanie Richard

Release date:
19 November 2015

Next release:
To be announced

1. Main points

  • Year-on-year estimates in the quantity bought in the retail industry show growth for the 30th consecutive month in October 2015, increasing by 3.8% compared with October 2014.

  • The underlying pattern in the data, as suggested by the 3 month on 3 month movement in the quantity bought, showed growth for the 23rd consecutive month, increasing by 0.9%.

  • Compared with September 2015, the quantity bought in the retail industry is estimated to have decreased by 0.6%.

  • Average store prices (including petrol stations) fell by 3.3% in October 2015 compared with October 2014, the 16th consecutive month of year-on-year price falls.

  • The amount spent in the retail industry increased by 0.5% in October 2015 compared with October 2014 and decreased by 0.7% compared with September 2015.

  • The value of online sales increased by 11.2% in October 2015 compared with October 2014 and decreased by 0.8% compared with September 2015.

  • Revisions to this release were caused by the incorporation of late data. The earliest revisions point for current price, non-seasonally adjusted data was October 2014. More information on revisions can be found in the background notes.

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2. About this release

This bulletin presents estimates of the quantity bought (volume) and amount spent (value) in the retail industry for the period 4 October 2015 to 31 October 2015. Unless otherwise stated, the estimates in this release are seasonally adjusted.

The estimates in this release are based on a monthly survey of 5,000 retailers, including all large retailers employing 100 people or more and those with annual turnover of greater than £60 million who employ 10 to 99 people. It is estimated that this survey covers approximately 95% of all known retail turnover in Great Britain.

The quality of the estimate of retail sales

Retail sales estimates are produced from the monthly business survey – Retail Sales Inquiry (RSI). The timeliness of these retail sales estimates, which are published just 3 weeks after the end of each month, makes them an important early economic indicator. The industry as a whole is used as an indicator of how the wider economy is performing and the strength of consumer spending. Results are revised for the previous 13 published periods. More information about the data content for this release can be found in the background notes.

Revisions are an inevitable consequence of the trade-off between timeliness and accuracy. The response rate in October 2015 was 64.7% of questionnaires, accounting for 90.1% of registered turnover in the retail industry. Therefore, the estimate is subject to revisions as more data become available.

All estimates, by definition, are subject to statistical uncertainty and for the retail sales index we publish the standard error associated with the non-seasonally adjusted estimates of year-on-year and month-on-month growth in the quantity bought as a measure of accuracy. More information on these standard errors can be found in the background notes and in the quality tables (169 Kb Excel sheet) of this release.

We are continually working on methodological changes to improve the accuracy of the retail sales estimates; progress on these can be found on the continuous improvement page.

The reference tables offer different ways to access the data, they include:

  • non-seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted volume and value indexes by industry

  • year-on-year and month-on-month growth rates by industry

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3. Main figures

At a glance

In October 2015:

the quantity bought in the retail industry (volume):

  • increased by 3.8% compared with October 2014

  • decreased by 0.6% compared with September 2015

the amount spent (value):

  • increased by 0.5% compared with October 2014

  • decreased by 0.7% compared with September 2015

Non-seasonally adjusted data show that the prices of goods sold in the retail industry (as measured by the implied price deflator) decreased by 3.3%.

More information on how the implied price deflator and other estimates in this release are calculated can be found in section 3 of the background notes.

Amount spent in the retail industry

In the 4 week reporting period during October 2015, the amount spent in the retail industry was £28.8 billion (non-seasonally adjusted).

This compares with:

  • £35.0 billion in the 5 week reporting period for September 2015

  • £28.7 billion in the 4 week reporting period for October 2014

This equates to an average weekly spend of:

  • £7.2 billion in October 2015, compared with

  • £7.0 billion in September 2015

  • £7.2 billion in October 2014

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4. Sector summary

Main points:

In October 2015:

  • all store types showed increases in the quantity bought compared with October 2014

  • all store types except food stores, other stores, and petrol stations showed increases in the amount spent year-on-year

  • all store types, except textile, clothing and footwear stores saw falls in average store price compared with October 2014

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5. Internet sales in detail

Seasonally adjusted internet sales data are published in the RSI Internet tables and include:

  • a seasonally adjusted value index

  • year-on-year and month-on-month growth rates

Internet sales are estimates of how much was spent online through retailers across all store types in Great Britain. The reference year is 2012=100.

Main points:

  • average weekly spending online in October 2015 was £839.1 million; this was an increase of 11.2% compared with October 2014

  • the amount spent online accounted for 12.8% of all retail spending, excluding automotive fuel, compared with 11.6% in October 2014

Table 3 shows the year-on-year growth rates for total Internet sales by sector and the proportion of sales made online in each retail sector.

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6. Focus on underlying growth in the retail sector

The underlying pattern in the rolling 3 month on 3 month movement in the quantity bought shows sustained growth for 23 months, increasing by 0.9% in the 3 months to October 2015 compared with the 3 months to July 2015. This is the longest period of sustained 3 month on 3 month growth since records began in 1996.

Figure 1 shows the quantity bought in store remained fairly constant until late 2013 while the amount spent and average store price increased gradually. As average store price started to fall in late 2013 both the quantity bought and amount spent increased sharply. From late 2014 the quantity bought has increased at a higher rate than amount spent.

Figure 2 shows the 3 month on 3 month growth in the quantity bought for the main store types. Since late 2012 there has been a considerable increase in growth in non-store retailing, while growth in the other main sectors has remained fairly steady. It must be noted that the weight of non-store retailing in retail sales is much smaller at 7.0% than other sectors and the largest contribution came from predominantly non-food stores which has a weight of 42.0%. Looking at petrol stations, prices have been falling since mid-2013 and this has coincided with a steady increase in the quantity bought.

Figure 3 shows the 3 month on 3 month growth in the amount spent for the main store types. In the early part of the time series, growth was fairly consistent within predominantly food stores and predominantly non-food stores and this trend has not changed significantly, however, non-store retailing and petrol stations show a different pattern. Within non-store retailing there has been a significant increase in the amount spent which is similar to the pattern seen in the quantity bought while the opposite is true of petrol stations where falls in prices have led to a significant fall in the amount spent.

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7. Contributions to growth

The retail industry is divided into 4 retail sectors:

  • predominantly food stores (for example, supermarkets, specialist food stores and sales of alcoholic drinks and tobacco)

  • predominantly non-food stores (for example, non-specialised stores, such as department stores, textiles, clothing and footwear, household goods and other stores)

  • non-store retailing (for example, mail order, catalogues and market stalls)

  • stores selling automotive fuel (petrol stations)

In October 2015, for every pound spent in the retail industry:

  • 41 pence was spent in food stores

  • 42 pence in non-food stores

  • 7 pence in non-store retailing

  • 10 pence in stores selling automotive fuel

Using these as weights, along with the year-on-year growth rates, we can calculate how each sector contributed to the total year-on-year growth in the quantity bought.

Figures 4 and 5 show the contribution of each sector to the quantity bought (volume) and amount spent (value) in the retail industry between October 2015 and October 2014.

In October 2015, all 4 main retail sectors saw an increase in the quantity bought (volume). The largest contribution came from the non-food stores sector.

In October 2015, 2 out of the 4 main sectors (non-store retailing and non-food stores) contributed to the increase in amount spent (value). The largest contribution came from the non-store retailing sector.

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8. Distribution analysis

Table 4 shows how sales varied among different-sized retailers. It shows the distribution of reported change in sales values of businesses (from the RSI sample), ranked by size of business (based on number of employees). Businesses with 40 to 99 employees saw the largest growth in the amount spent in October 2015 compared with October 2014 (14.4%). Businesses with 100 and over employees showed growth of 0.4%.

More information on the performance of the retail industry by store type and size can be found in the Business Analysis reference table (27.5 Kb Excel sheet).

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9. Economic context

Figure 6 compares a rolling 3 month period with the same period in the previous year, and highlights that retail sales started to grow strongly from mid-2013. Since January 2015, the rate of growth has experienced a general downward trend, but remains above rates seen just prior to the economic downturn. The latest data shows some easing in growth to 4.6% in the 3 months to October 2015 when compared with a growth of 4.9% in the 3 months to September 2015.

Three distinct periods emerge from Figure 6. Between October 2006 and July 2008 retail sales volumes were experiencing continuous growth, although to a different degree, with the volume of sales increasing by 1.7% over the period as a whole. Growth in inflation (Consumer Prices Index) was lower than average weekly earnings over most of this period; which resulted in rising real earnings, an indicator of the purchasing power of consumers.

However, between August 2008 and May 2013, the volume of retail sales fluctuated between periods of contraction and expansion, and as a result broadly the same volume of sales were recorded toward the beginning and end of the period. This weakness may be partly explained by the economic climate over this period. Growth in average weekly earnings was lower than inflation over most of the period, which implies that earnings fell in real terms. However, the volume of retail sales continued to grow (2.1% between August 2008 and May 2013) despite an increase in value of 12.9% over the period, reflecting rising prices between these dates.

The third period shown in Figure 6 started in June 2013, when growth in volume terms began to increase notably, despite average weekly earnings growing at a slower rate than CPI until September 2014. In 2013, prices in retail outlets began to fall and this accelerated throughout 2014 and 2015 and coincided with increased growth in the volume of retail sales over this period. In addition, this upturn in spending has been accompanied by a decline in the savings ratio, from an average of 9.0% over the period 2008 to 2012, to an average of 5.6% over the period 2013 to 2014.

“Predominantly non-food stores”, which account for 42% of all retailing, have had the largest positive cumulative contribution to retail sales between January 2013 and October 2015 and have been the main driver behind the growth in retail sales since January 2013. In this month’s release we will look into the 4 main components of “predominantly non-food stores” (“textile clothing and footwear stores”, “other non-food stores”, “non-specialised stores” (“department stores”) and “household goods stores”) in order to determine where the strength in growth is coming from.

“Predominantly non-food stores” and its 4 main components have experienced subdued price pressures with many of the components experiencing prolonged periods of price deflation (as measured by the implied deflator) between January 2013 and October 2015. These falls in prices have contributed to the increases in volumes seen on Figure 8. “Household goods stores” and “ other non-food stores” saw the fastest rate of price deflation on average at -1.5% per month, while the price of “textile, clothing and footwear stores” was more erratic, experiencing periods of inflation and deflation, which averaged to a moderate price inflation rate over the period as a whole.

Figure 8 shows that as a result of these decreases in prices between January 2013 and October 2015, “other non-food stores” and “household goods stores” have seen the largest increases in volume over this period at 19.9% and 19.5%, respectively. However “textile, clothing and footwear stores”, which saw only a moderate price inflation on average between January 2013 and October 2015, have seen the smallest increase in volume over this period at 7.1%.

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10. International data

The only international estimate of retail sales available for October 2015 was published by the US Census Bureau on 13 November 2015. In its advanced retail sales estimates for October 2015, the amount spent in the US retail industry, including motor vehicles and parts and food services, increased by 0.1% from the previous month and increased by 1.7% compared with October 2014. Total sales for the 3 months to October 2015 were up 2.0% from the same period a year ago.

The latest estimates of the volume of retail trade across the European Union, from Eurostat for September 2015, show the seasonally adjusted volume of retail trade decreased by 0.1% in the euro area (EA19) and increased by 0.3% in the EU28 when compared with August 2015. Compared with September 2014, the retail sales index increased by 2.9% in the EA19 and by 3.7% in the EU28. Note that an accurate comparison cannot be made as Eurostat data are calculated on a 2010 = 100 basis, while data for Great Britain are calculated on a 2012 = 100 basis.

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.Background notes

  1. Future improvements

    We will be publishing a subset of the internet sales data on the Data Explorer page on 17 December 2015.

  2. What’s new

    After consulting with users last month, we have suspended the calendar effects table with immediate effect. This table will be reinstated once improvements have been made.

  3. Understanding the data

    i. Quick Guide to the Retail Sales Index (117.1 Kb Pdf)

    ii. Interpreting the data

    • The Retail Sales Index (RSI) is derived from a monthly survey of 5,000 businesses in Great Britain. The sample represents the whole retail sector and includes the 900 largest retailers and a representative panel of smaller businesses. Collectively all of these businesses cover approximately 90% of the retail industry in terms of turnover.
    • The RSI covers sales only from businesses classified as retailers according to the Standard Industrial Classification 2007 (SIC 2007), consistent with the international NACE Rev 2 classification of industries. The retail industry is division 47 of the SIC 2007 and retailing is defined as the sale of goods to the general public for household consumption. Consequently, the RSI includes all internet businesses whose primary function is retailing and also covers internet sales by other British retailers, such as online sales by supermarkets, department stores and catalogue companies. The RSI does not cover household spending on services bought from the retail industry as it is designed to only cover goods. Respondents are asked to separate out the non-goods elements of their sales, for example, income from cafes. Consequently, online sales of services by retailers, such as car insurance, are also excluded.
    • The monthly survey collects 2 figures from each sampled business: the total turnover for retail sales for the standard trading period, and a separate figure for internet sales. The total turnover will include internet sales. The separation of the internet sales figure allows an estimate relating to internet sales to be calculated.

    iii. Definitions and explanations

    • The value or current price series records the growth of the value of sales “through the till” before any adjustment for the effects of price changes.
    • The volume or constant price series are created by removing the effect of price changes from the value series. The Consumer Prices Index (CPI) is the main source of the information required on price changes. In brief, a deflator for each type of store (5-digit SIC) is derived by weighting together the CPI components for the appropriate commodities, the weights being based on the pattern of sales in the base year. These deflators are then applied to the value data to produce volume series.
    • The implied deflator or the estimated price of goods is derived by dividing the non-seasonally adjusted value and volume data to leave a price relative. In general, this implied price deflator should be quite close to the retail component of the CPI. More information on the implied price deflator can be found in the Quick Guide to Retail Sales (195 Kb Pdf).

    iv. Use of the data

    The value and volume measures of retail sales estimates are widely used in private and public sector organisations, both domestically and internationally. For example, private sector institutions such as investment banks, the retail industry itself and retail groups use the data to inform decisions on the current economic performance of the retail industry. These organisations are most interested in a long-term view of the retail sector, taken from the year-on-year growth rates. Public sector institutions use the data to help inform decision and policy making. They tend to be most interested in a snapshot view of the retail industry, which is taken from the month-on-month growth rates.

    In a recent survey users found the Retail Sales Index statistics important to their work. It was found crucial for financial modelling of sectors and recognised as a timely indicator for the economy. It has been used as a comparative tool with BRC and other market sources to boost context. Practically, it has been utilised as a comparative tool for business performance and the ability to access internet retail sales has been particularly beneficial to some. On a non-industry level, the RSI was perceived as important for informing political opinions or simply for curiosity by individuals who were not necessarily utilising it as a reference for work purposes.

    The Retail Sales Index feeds into estimates of GDP in 2 ways. Firstly, it feeds into the services industries when GDP is measured from the output approach. Secondly, it is a data source used to measure household final consumption expenditure, which feeds into GDP estimates when measured from the expenditure approach.

    The data feed into the first (or preliminary) estimate of GDP, the second estimate of GDP and the third estimate, published in the Quarterly national accounts.

  4. Methods

    Information on retail sales methodology is available on our website

    i. Composition of the data

    Retail sales estimates are based on financial data collected through the monthly Retail Sales Inquiry. Response rates at the time of publication are included for the current month, and the 3 months prior. The response rates for those historical periods are updated to reflect the current level of response, incorporating data from late returns. There are 2 response rates included with 1 percentage for the amount of turnover returned, and the other percentage for the amount of questionnaire forms. Historical response rates are available in the quality information reference table.

    ii. Seasonal adjustment

    Seasonally adjusted estimates are derived by estimating and removing calendar effects (for example, Easter moving between March and May) and seasonal effects (for example, increased spending in January as a result of Christmas) from the non-seasonally adjusted (NSA) estimates. Seasonal adjustment is performed each month and reviewed each year, using the standard, widely used software, X-13-ARIMA-SEATS. Before adjusting for seasonality, prior adjustments are made for calendar effects (where statistically significant), such as returns that do not comply with the standard trading period (there is more information in the Methods, Calendar effects section), bank holidays, Easter and the day of the week on which Christmas occurs.

    The data collected from the retail sales survey estimate the amount of money taken through the tills of retailers; these are non-seasonally adjusted data. These data consist of 3 components:

    • trend which describes long-term or underlying movements within the data
    • seasonal which describes regular variation around the trend, that is, peaks and troughs within the time series (the most obvious is the peak in January and the fall in February)
    • irregular or “noise”, for example, deeper falls within the non-seasonally adjusted series due to bad weather impacting on retail sales

    To ease interpretation of the underlying movements in the data, the seasonal adjustment process estimates and removes the seasonal component. It leaves a seasonally adjusted time series made up of the trend and irregular components.

    In the non-seasonally adjusted RSI we see large rises in January each year and a fall in the following February, but these are not evident in the seasonally adjusted index. This peak in January is larger than the subsequent fall, but the trend and irregular components in both months are likely to be similar. This means that the movements in the unadjusted series are almost completely a result of the seasonal pattern.

  5. i. Basic quality information

    • The standard reporting periods can change over time due to the movement of the calendar. Every 5 or 6 years the standard reporting periods are brought back into line by adding an extra week. For example, January is typically a 4 week standard period but January 1986, 1991, 1996, 2002, 2008 and 2014 were all 5 week standard periods. The non-seasonally adjusted estimates will still contain calendar effects. If the non-seasonally adjusted estimates are used for analysis, this can lead to a distortion depending on the timing of the standard reporting period in relation to the calendar, previous reporting periods and how trading activity changes over time.
    • The non-seasonally adjusted series contain elements relating to the impact of the standard reporting period, moving seasonality and trading day activity. When making comparisons, you should focus on the seasonally adjusted estimates as these have the systematic calendar-related component removed. Due to the volatility of the monthly data, growth rates should be calculated using an average of the latest 3 months of the seasonally adjusted estimates.
    • When interpreting the data, the relative weighted contributions of the sectors in the all retailing series should be considered. Based on SIC 2007 data, total retail sales consists of: predominantly food stores 40.9%, predominantly non-food stores 42.0%, non-store retailing 7.0% and automotive fuel 10.1%.

    ii. Standard error

    • Standard errors determine the spread of possible movements and are a means of assessing the accuracy of the non-seasonally adjusted month-on-month and year-on-year estimates of all retail sales volumes. The lower the standard error, the more confident we can be that the estimate is close to the true value for the retail population.
    • The standard error of year-on-year movement for “All Retailing” is 1.0%. It had remained at 0.9% since June 2014 and was lower at 0.8% in May 2014. Before this period, the year-on-year movements mostly remained at 0.9% with the only other fluctuations occurring in August 2013 and September 2013, where there was a standard error of 1.0%.
    • Table 6 shows the year-on-year movement for the non-seasonally adjusted chained volume measure alongside the standard error, across the published sector breakdowns for October 2014 and October 2015. The differences between October 2014 and October 2015 highlight that the standard error has increased the most in “Non-store retailing” and “Household goods stores”. The greatest decreases are for “Textiles, clothing and footwear stores”.
    • More information on standard errors can be found in the “Retail Sales Quality Tables” reference tables, which are part of this release.

    iii. Summary quality report

    The RSI Quality and Methodology Information paper details the intended uses of the statistics in this bulletin, their general quality and the methods used to produce them.

    iv. Revisions triangles

    Revisions to data provide one indication of the reliability of main indicators. Table 7 shows summary information on the size and direction of the revisions made to the volume data covering a 5 year period. Note that changes in definition and classification mean that the revisions analysis is not conceptually the same over time.

  6. Relevant links

    A subset of the retail sales dataset will be published on our Data Explorer page. Please note the link will not work until the data are published.

    Disclosure control policy (337 Kb Word document)

    Comparability of RSI Sales and External Indicators (95.5 Kb Pdf)

    RSI Workplan (87.3 Kb Pdf)

    RSI Quality and Methodology Information paper (245.6 Kb Pdf)

    Revisions to the Retail Sales Index (100 Kb Pdf)

    Has 2014 been a good year for retailers

    Overview of internet retail sales in 2014

    BRC Sales Monitor October 2015

    International Measures of Retail Sales

    National Accounts Workplan (410 Kb Powerpoint presentation)

    Why is the retail sales revisions policy different from the National Accounts revisions policy? (53.9 Kb Pdf)

    14 ways ONS statistics help you understand the economy - A closer look at the circular flow of income

    Impact of quarterly employment question on the monthly survey response (163.7 Kb Pdf)

    Investigating the effect of quarterly collection of employee jobs data on the estimated standard error of change for total turnover on the Monthly Business Survey (110 Kb Pdf)

    Government Statistical Service (GSS) uncertainty guidance

  7. Publication policy

    Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available from our Media Relations Office. Also available is a list of the organisations given pre-publication access to the contents of this bulletin.

  8. Accessing data

    The complete run of data in the tables of this statistical bulletin is available to view and download in electronic format using our Time Series Data service. Users can download the complete bulletin in a choice of zipped formats, or view and download their own sections of individual series.

    Alternatively, for low-cost tailored data call 0845 601 3034 or email info@ons.gov.uk

    Next publication: Thursday 17 December 2015

    Issued by:
    Office for National Statistics
    Government Buildings
    Cardiff Road
    Newport
    NP10 8XG

    Media contact:

    Tel Media Relations Office 0845 6041858
    Emergency on-call 07867 906553
    Email media.relations@ons.gov.uk

    Statistical contact:

    Tel Melanie Richard +44 (0)1633 455602
    Email retail.sales.enquiries@ons.gov.uk

    Contact us:

    Tel 0845 601 3034
    Email info@ons.gov.uk Website
    Twitter

  9. Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media Relations Office email: media.relations@ons.gov.uk

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Contact details for this Statistical bulletin

Melanie Richard
retail.sales.enquiries@ons.gov.uk
Telephone: +44 (0)1633 455602