Index of cancer survival for Clinical Commissioning Groups in England: Adults diagnosed 1998-2013 and followed up to 2014

1-year cancer survival for all cancers combined, three cancers combined, and for breast, colorectal, and lung cancer

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Table of contents

  1. Main points
  2. Summary
  3. All-cancers combined survival index
  4. Breast, colorectal and lung cancer: 1-year survival
  5. Interpreting the survival estimates in this bulletin
  6. How to interpret a funnel plot
  7. Who uses these statistics and what for?
  8. Policy context
  9. Annex A: Funnel plots
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. References
  12. Authors
  13. Background notes

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1. Main points

The 1-year cancer survival index for England increased steadily from 60.1% for patients diagnosed in 1998 to 70.2% in 2013.

The 1-year cancer survival index increased steadily in most Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) throughout that period. In 2013, the survival index ranged from 63.9% to 74.5%, compared with 52.0% to 64.7% in 1998.

The inequality in cancer survival between the highest and lowest CCG in England has shrunk since 1998 .

In 2013, 1-year age-standardised breast cancer survival in England was 96.7%, increasing from 92.0% for patients in 1998. For all the CCGs, in 2013, the difference between the highest survival estimate (98.6%) and the lowest (93.2%) was 5.4 percentage points.

In England, 1-year survival (age-sex-standardised) for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer has steadily increased from 68.3% in 1998 to 77.7% in 2013. Among the 209 CCGs, the difference between the highest 1-year survival estimate in 2013 (85.3%) and the lowest (68.2%) was 17.1 percentage points.

In England, 1-year age-sex-standardised survival for patients diagnosed with lung cancer increased from 23.1% in 1998 to 35.4% in 2013. In 2013, for all the CCGs, the difference between the highest survival estimate (47.1%) and the lowest (23.5%) was 23.6 percentage points.

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2. Summary

This bulletin focuses on trends in the 1-year survival index for all cancers combined for each of the 209 Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) and for England as a whole. Separate 1-year survival estimates for breast (women), colorectal (bowel) and lung cancer are being introduced into this bulletin at CCG level for the first time. These estimates are age-standardised for breast cancer and age-sex-standardised for colorectal and lung cancers. Net survival (Background note 1 ) is estimated for adults (aged 15 to 99 years) who were diagnosed with cancer between 1998 and 2013 and followed up to 31 December 2014.

We provide a guide to interpreting the "all-cancers combined survival index" and "three-cancer combined survival index" and the age-sex-standardised survival estimates for breast, colorectal, and lung cancer in the section “Interpreting the survival estimates in this bulletin”.

Although not commented on in the bulletin, reference tables also contain trends in the 1-year survival index for three-cancers combined (breast (women), colorectal (bowel) and lung: the “three-cancer survival index”) for each CCG and England as a whole. These tables contain estimates for the all-cancers combined survival index and for England at 1 and 5 years after diagnosis and for CCGs at 1 year after diagnosis. We also present values of the all-cancers combined survival index and the three-cancer survival index separately for middle-aged and elderly adults (55 to 64 years and 75 to 99 years).

Confidence intervals (at the 95% level) are provided for each survival estimate in the reference tables . Survival is estimated using flexible parametric models (Background note 8 ). More information about methodology and quality information can be found in the “Background notes” section and in the Quality and Methodology Information paper.

Collaboration

This publication is produced in partnership with the Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

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3. All-cancers combined survival index

1-year survival for the all-cancers combined survival index in England increased from 60.1% in 1998 to 70.2% in 2013. The index increased steadily for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) throughout that period. In 2013, the survival index ranged from 63.9% (NHS Newham CCG) to 74.5% (NHS Harrow CCG and NHS Barnet CCG), compared with 52.0% (NHS Newham CCG) to 64.7% (NHS Leeds North CCG) in 1998 (Figure 1).

The difference between the highest and lowest values of the 1-year survival index for CCGs has lessened slightly, from 12.7% in 1998 to 10.6% in 2013. As a result, the values of the survival index for CCGs cluster more closely around the England average in 2013 than in 1998 (Figure 1). The survival index for every CCG in 2013 is now higher than the overall value for England (60.1%) in 1998.

In general, the largest increases between 1998 and 2013 were in areas where survival was lower in 1998. For example, 1-year survival in NHS Newham CCG (lowest estimate in 1998) increased by 11.9 percentage points between 1998 and 2013, and by 7.6 percentage points in NHS Leeds North CCG (highest estimate in 1998).

Figure 1: Funnel plot of the 1-year survival index (per cent) for all cancers combined, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998 and in 2013

Survival has increased for all 209 clinical commissioning groups
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
  3. Click on the chart to enlarge it.
Download this image Figure 1: Funnel plot of the 1-year survival index (per cent) for all cancers combined, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998 and in 2013
.png (65.3 kB) .xls (221.7 kB)

A persistent feature of these data is that the 1-year survival index is generally lower in the north of England than in the south. In 2013, 26 of the 63 CCGs where the 1-year index is significantly below the England average were in North of England, and 16 of the 32 CCGs where the 1-year index is significantly above the England average were in the South of England (Figure 2).

Figure 2: 1-year survival index for all-cancers combined compared with the England average, Clinical Commissioning Groups, 2013

Survival is generally lower in the north of England compared with the south of England
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Adults aged 15 to 99, who were diagnosed in 2013.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
Download this image Figure 2: 1-year survival index for all-cancers combined compared with the England average, Clinical Commissioning Groups, 2013
.png (349.6 kB) .xls (749.1 kB)

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4. Breast, colorectal and lung cancer: 1-year survival

Estimates of 1-year age-standardised survival for breast cancer (women), and age-sex-standardised survival (Background note 11) for colorectal and lung cancer in each CCG have been introduced into this bulletin for the first time. Funnel plots for 2013 are provided in the commentary whilst funnel plots for 1998 can be found in Annex A. We provide a guide to interpreting these survival estimates in the section “Interpreting the survival estimates in this bulletin” .

Geographic patterns in 1-year survival differ for breast, colorectal, and lung cancer. For example, in the two northern-most CCGs, Cumbria and Northumbria, 1-year survival for lung cancer is consistently below the average survival in England, whereas 1-year survival for both breast and colorectal cancers are above the average.

1-year breast cancer survival

In 2013, 1-year breast cancer survival in England was 96.7%, increasing from 92.0% for patients in 1998. Figure 3 shows a very tight clustering in survival in 2013 for CCGs around the England average: the difference between the highest survival estimate (98.6% in NHS Kingston CCG) and the lowest (93.2% in NHS South Tyneside CCG) was 5.4 percentage points.

In 2013, two CCGs were identified as outliers where survival was lower than the England estimate (Figure 3). In NHS Newham CCG 1-year survival has consistently been below the England average since 2000, with a difference of 2.1 percentage points from the England average in 2013. Survival in NHS Waltham Forest CCG has also been consistently below the England average since 2005, with a difference of 2.2 percentage points in 2013.

Figure 3: Funnel plot of the 1-year age-standardised survival (per cent) for breast cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, women (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 2013

There is a very tight clustering in breast cancer survival in 2013 for CCGs around the England average
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
Download this image Figure 3: Funnel plot of the 1-year age-standardised survival (per cent) for breast cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, women (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 2013
.png (36.3 kB) .xls (175.6 kB)

1-year colorectal survival

In England, 1-year survival for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer has increased steadily from 68.3% in 1998 to 77.7% in 2013. In 2013, survival for most CCGs were similar to the England average, or identified as outliers higher than the survival estimate in England (Figure 4). For 18 CCGs, mostly in the Midlands and East of England, the 1-year survival estimates were identified as outliers, which were lower than the England average. The range between the highest and lowest estimate of 1-year survival for CCGs was 17.1 percentage points in 2013.

Figure 4: Funnel plot of the 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (per cent) for colorectal cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 2013

In 2013, survival for most CCGs were similar to the England average
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
Download this image Figure 4: Funnel plot of the 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (per cent) for colorectal cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 2013
.png (37.2 kB) .xls (134.1 kB)

1-year lung cancer survival

In England, 1-year survival for patients diagnosed with lung cancer increased from 23.1% in 1998 to 35.4% in 2013. For 44 of the 209 CCGs, the 1-year survival estimates were identified as outliers lower than the England average in 2013 (Figure 5); these CCGs were widely scattered around the country, but many (19 out of 44 CCGs) were in the Midlands and East of England.

Figure 5: Funnel plot of the 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (%) for lung cancer by Clinical Commissioning Group: England, 2013, patients aged 15 to 99 years

For 44 of the 209 CCGs, the 1-year survival estimates were identified as outliers lower than the England average.
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
Download this image Figure 5: Funnel plot of the 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (%) for lung cancer by Clinical Commissioning Group: England, 2013, patients aged 15 to 99 years
.png (39.8 kB) .xls (146.9 kB)

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5. Interpreting the survival estimates in this bulletin

The cancer survival index: what it is

The cancer survival index provides a convenient, single number that summarises the overall pattern of cancer survival in each Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG), for all-cancers combined, for each calendar year. It combines the net survival estimates for each sex, age group and type of cancer (female breast cancer, colorectal cancer and lung cancer separately, and all other cancers combined, prostate cancer being excluded; see Background notes 8 to 10).1

For most cancers, survival is either stable or rising steadily from year to year.2 This trend is reflected in the index. However, the patterns of cancer by age, sex and type of cancer can shift quite quickly over time, especially in small areas. The index provides a summary measure of cancer survival that adjusts for any such shifts – for example, if the population becomes older and/or cancers with low survival come to comprise a higher proportion of all cancers in the CCG.

The cancer survival index is designed to reflect real progress in cancer outcomes. It is intended to change only if cancer survival actually changes, for one or more of the cancers, for men or for women, in one or more age groups. The index is designed for long-term monitoring of progress in overall cancer survival.

Points to consider when interpreting these estimates

  1. For geographic areas with small populations, like most CCGs, some fluctuation in survival estimates between consecutive years can be expected.3,4 Fluctuations in cancer survival by CCG can occur due to the small numbers of cancer diagnoses and deaths each year within the population. Therefore, a low survival figure for a single calendar year should not be over-interpreted. However, if the survival estimates in a given CCG are consistently low "outliers" for several years in a row, possible explanations should be considered.

  2. There are 209 CCGs. Small year-on-year changes in the survival estimates for a given CCG can mean big changes in its ranking. If the highest survival estimate is (say) 65% and the lowest is 50% (a 15 percentage points difference), then where differences in the estimate are very small in the middle of the range, a CCG may jump 30 places up or down the ranking of 209 CCGs if the estimate changes by just 1% between successive years.

  3. Interpretation should focus on trends, rather than the survival estimate for a particular year, but a CCG for which the survival index is consistently lower than average should be considering why survival in its area might be low, even if it is identified as an outlier lower than the England average.

  4. The aim of this publication is to present data that can support long-term improvements in cancer control. These estimates can indicate the potential for improvement in the management of cancer, from early detection through to referral, investigation, treatment and care. Survival estimates should not be used as the only indicator of a CCG's performance in cancer outcomes. To gain a more complete picture of the cancer burden in a particular CCG, these estimates should be used alongside other information available, such as cancer incidence and mortality data.

    Furthermore:

  5. Survival estimates are provided for patients diagnosed in each of the years from 1998 to 2013. It is important to note that CCGs in England came into existence on 1 April 2013, replacing NHS Primary Care Trusts. A CCG cannot be held responsible for trends in cancer survival that pre-date its existence. Data are provided for this 16-year period so that each CCG has a baseline against which to assess progress over time.5, 6 Survival is estimated using the most up to date CCG boundaries – in 2015, the number of CCGs fell from 211 to 209.

  6. CCGs are membership bodies in which local General Practitioner (GP) practices are the members. Therefore, the population of a CCG is not entirely based on the geographical population of a defined territory, but on patients who are registered with a GP practice that is a member of that CCG, but who may live in the territory of a different CCG . With this in mind, it is important to note a limitation7 of these analyses: the cancer patients included in the analyses are those who lived in the territory assigned to that CCG when they were diagnosed.

  7. In some cases the survival estimates for NHS Area Teams are greater than survival for the CCGs nested within the NHS Area Team. Survival estimates for Area Teams and for England are not simply a weighted average of the CCG estimates. Survival has been separately estimated for each Area Team, and for England as a whole. The survival estimates for CCGs fluctuate due to the small number of cancer cases and deaths, arising in residents of a CCG territory. Whereas, survival estimates for Area Teams (and England as a whole) have less variability than the survival estimates for any of their constituent CCGs because the number of cancer cases, and deaths, is much greater.

  8. The survival estimates must be interpreted with care. They do not reflect the survival prospects for any individual cancer patient; they represent the survival for all cancer patients in a given geography in a given period of time.

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6. How to interpret a funnel plot

Funnel plots offer a rapid visual presentation of variation in 1-year survival estimates between CCGs, showing how they compare with 1-year survival in England and taking account of the inherent variability (precision) of each survival estimate.8 A funnel plot avoids simply assigning a rank from 1 to 209, depending only on whether the estimate is low or high, which should be avoided as explained in the “Interpreting the survival estimates in this bulletin” section.

Funnel plots (see Figure 6) are a useful way to identify outlying observations in cancer survival. The black horizontal line represents the reference level or “target”, for example the level of 1-year survival in England. This is used as the reference level against which “outliers” can be identified. Each data point in the plot represents the survival estimate for a given CCG (vertical scale), plotted against the precision of that estimate (the inverse of the variance; Background note 11 ) on the horizontal scale. Data points that are identified as “outliers” lower (orange (or darker)) or higher (purple (or lighter)) than the England average are below or above the 99.8% control limit.

Figure 6: An example funnel plot, 1-year survival by Clinical Commissioning Group

This funnel plot is an example
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
Download this image Figure 6: An example funnel plot, 1-year survival by Clinical Commissioning Group
.png (39.6 kB)

The two “control limits”, in the shape of a funnel around the horizontal line in Figure 6, represent the expected variation in survival around the England national figure, at any given level of precision (the horizontal axis). “Precision” is used to indicate the reliability of the estimate on the funnel plot (95% confidence intervals are also provided in the reference tables). The expected variation is shown as the 95% and 99.8% control limits (2 and 3 standard deviations, respectively), above or below the England average, which are equivalent to 95% and 99.8% confidence intervals.

CCGs for which the data points are within the control limits may be considered as those for which the survival estimate is no different than expected compared with the England average. Data points that fall outside the control limits are either higher or lower than expected compared with the England average. These points are “outlier” observations: if the value for a given CCG is consistently lower (or higher) than would be expected by chance, an investigation into the reasons may be worthwhile. In Figure 6, the “outlier” observations are marked in purple (or lighter; higher than expected compared with the England average) and orange (or darker; lower than expected compared with the England average).

It should be noted that these “outlier” values are not just the lowest (or highest) values that would be obtained from a simple ranked list. Some of the lowest values of the index are still within the range of variation that could be expected by chance (that is, inside the control limits). These are generally for the smallest CCGs, in which the index has lower precision. The precision estimate (shown on the horizontal axis in Figure 6) reflects the accuracy with which survival is being measured for each CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the estimate. Similarly, the smaller the precision, the wider the control limits, reflecting greater variability due to chance. CCGs with a large population will therefore tend to appear toward the right of each funnel plot, and those with small populations on the left, closer to the vertical axis.

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7. Who uses these statistics and what for?

Main users of cancer survival estimates include:

  • Clinical Commissioning Groups

  • NHS England

  • other government organisations

  • academics and researchers

  • cancer charities

  • the media

  • the general public.

Cancer survival estimates are used:

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8. Policy context

Given that a significant gap remains in survival compared with the European average, the Department of Health identified cancer as a specific improvement area for preventing people dying prematurely in the National Strategy (announced in 2011). In 2015 a new 5 year cancer strategy for England was developed by the Independent Cancer Task Force. This sets out recommendations for how the NHS can improve cancer outcomes for patients. The new strategy is being reviewed by Government bodies.

Survival estimates are used to formulate, monitor, and assess health policy and healthcare provision and planning. These estimates feed into the Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) Indicator Set, which:

“provides clear, comparative information for CCGs, Health and Wellbeing Boards, local authorities, patients and the public about the quality of health services commissioned by CCGs and the associated health outcomes. The indicators are useful for CCGs and Health and Wellbeing Boards in identifying local priorities for quality improvement and to demonstrate progress that local health systems are making on outcomes.”

The CCG indicator set contributes to the National Health Service (NHS) Outcomes Framework, which focuses on measuring health outcomes and includes 1- and 5-year net survival from colorectal, breast and lung cancers. The NHS 5-Year Forward View (2015) set out: “that improvements in outcomes will require action on three fronts: better preventions, swifter access to diagnosis, and better treatment and care for all those diagnosed with cancer”.

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.Annex A: Funnel plots

Figure 7: 1-year age-standardised survival (%) for breast cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, women (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998

1-year breast cancer survival in England was 92.0% in 1998
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
Download this image Figure 7: 1-year age-standardised survival (%) for breast cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, women (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998
.png (37.7 kB) .xls (135.7 kB)

Figure 8: 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (%) for colorectal cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998

1-year colorectal cancer survival in England was 68.3% in 1998
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
Download this image Figure 8: 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (%) for colorectal cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998
.png (38.0 kB) .xls (137.7 kB)

Figure 9: 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (%) for lung cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998

1-year lung cancer survival in England was 23.1% in 1998
Source: Office for National Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Notes:
  1. Each data point represents a single CCG. The higher the precision, the more reliable the survival estimate. More information on how to interpret these funnel plots can be found in the “How to interpret a funnel plot” section.
  2. The survival estimates identified as “outliers” fell above or below the 99.8% control limits (the wider of the two “funnels” around the England estimate) at each level of precision.
  3. Click on the chart to enlarge it.
Download this image Figure 9: 1-year age-sex-standardised survival (%) for lung cancer, for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG): England, adults (aged 15 to 99) diagnosed in 1998
.png (39.3 kB) .xls (138.2 kB)

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.Acknowledgments

The Cancer Analysis Team at the Office for National Statistics wishes to acknowledge the work of all the staff working in the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) in Public Health England, which initially collected and quality assured the cancer data for these analyses. More information about NCRAS is available on the Public Health England website.

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.References

  1. Quaresma, M., Coleman, M. P. and Rachet, B. 40-year trends in an index of survival for all cancers combined and survival adjusted for age and sex for each cancer in England and Wales, 1971-2011: a population-based study. Lancet 385, 1206-1218 (2015).

  2. Rachet, B. et al. Population-based cancer survival trends in England and Wales up to 2007: an assessment of the NHS cancer plan for England. Lancet Oncol. 10, 351-369 (2009).

  3. Quaresma, M., Coleman, M. P. and Rachet, B. Cancer survival indicators for Clinical Commissioning Groups in England: feasibility study. 1-33 (Department of Health, London, 2013).

  4. Rachet, B., Eayres, D. and Coleman, M. P. Cancer survival indicators for Primary Care Organisations in England, Feasibility study. 1-21 (Department of Health, London, 2004)

  5. Quaresma, M. et al. Index of cancer survival for Clinical Commissioning Groups in England: adults diagnosed 1997-2012 and followed up to 2013. 32 (Office for National Statistics,, Newport, UK, 2014).

  6. Quaresma, et al. Index of cancer survival for Clinical Commissioning Groups in England: patients diagnosed 1996-2011 and followed up to 2012. (Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK, 2013).

  7. Pollock, A. M., Macfarlane, A. and Godden, S. Dismantling the signposts to public health? NHS data under the Health and Social Care Act 2012. Br. Med. J. 344, e2364 (2012).

  8. Quaresma, M., Coleman, M. P. and Rachet, B. Funnel plots for population-based cancer survival: principles, methods and applications. Stat. Med. 33, 1070-1080, doi:10.1002/sim.5953 (2014).

  9. Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group. Life tables for England and Wales by sex, calendar period, region and deprivation, (2004).

  10. Ashley, J. The International Classification of Diseases: the structure and content of the Tenth Revision. Health Trends 22, 135-137 (1990).

  11. Percy, C., Van Holten, V. and Muir, C. S. (eds C. Percy, V. Van Holten, & C. S. Muir) (World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1990).

  12. Pashayan, N., Powles, J. W., Brown, C. and Duffy, S. W. Excess cases of prostate cancer and estimated overdiagnosis associated with PSA testing in East Anglia. Br. J. Cancer, 1-5 (2006).

  13. Office for National Statistics. Annual Small Area Population Estimates, Mid-2014 and Mid-2013. (2015).

  14. Danieli, C., Remontet, L., Bossard, N., Roche, L. and Belot, A. Estimating net survival: the importance of allowing for informative censoring. Stat. Med. 31, 775-786 (2012).

  15. Lambert, P. C. and Royston, P. Further development of flexible parametric models for survival analysis. Stata J 9, 265-290 (2009).

  16. Royston, P. and Parmar, M. K. Flexible parametric proportional-hazards and proportional-odds models for censored survival data, with application to prognostic modelling and estimation of treatment effects. Stat. Med. 21, 2175-2197 (2002).

  17. Akaike, H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19, 716-723 (1974).

  18. STATA statistical software v. 14 (Stata Corporation, College Station TX, 2015).

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.Authors

Manuela Quaresmaa, Emma Nashb, Neil Bannisterb, Michel P Colemana and Bernard Racheta

a Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
b Cancer Analysis Team, Office for National Statistics

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.Background notes

  1. Net survival is the probability of survival derived solely from the risk of death from cancer, compensating for the risk of death from other causes (background mortality). Background mortality is accounted for through life tables of all-cause mortality rates for the general population in England. For convenience, net survival is expressed as a percentage in the range 0 to 100%.

  2. Life tables were constructed for the census years 1991, 2001 and 2011 using the mid-year population estimates and the mean annual number of deaths in the three years centred on those index years. Life tables for each year from 1991 to 2011 were created by linear interpolation. The life table for 2011 was used for 2012 to 2014. Background mortality changes with time and varies by sex, age, socio-economic status and region, so life tables were created by single year of age, sex, region and deprivation quintile for each calendar year of death. National life tables were used for the very small number of patients who could not be assigned to a given region and regional life tables for those with missing deprivation category.

  3. We extracted the data used in these analyses from our cancer registration database on 17 May 2015. The vital status at 31 December 2014 was known for 99.7% of patients diagnosed between 1996 and 2013.

  4. Of the patients who were eligible for analysis, 3.5% were excluded because the cancer was only registered from a death certificate (DCO) and the survival time was therefore unknown. A further 0.3% were excluded because their vital status (whether alive, emigrated, dead or not traced) on 31 December 2014 was unknown, or because of duplicate registration, an invalid sequence of dates, or the patient could not be attributed to a CCG of residence at diagnosis. Patients with zero survival time (1.6% of all patients) were included in the analyses, and one day was added to their survival time. Records for multiple primary tumours were excluded (8.9%) when estimating the all-cancers combined survival index. The analyses included 2,934,992 patients in total (all cancers).

  5. Cancers were defined by anatomic site codes in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) and by morphology and behaviour codes in the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Second Edition (ICD-O-2).10,11

  6. All adults (15 to 99 years) who were diagnosed with a first, primary, invasive malignancy were eligible for inclusion. Patients diagnosed with malignancy of the skin other than melanoma were excluded. Cancer of the prostate was also excluded from the index, because the widespread introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing since the early 1990s has led to difficulty in the interpretation of survival trends.12

  7. Reference table 4 shows the mid-year estimates of the resident populations in each CCG in 2013.13 CCG populations ranged from 64,213 (NHS Corby CCG) to 874,309 (NHS Northern, Eastern and Western Devon CCG), with a mean of 257,731. Reference table 4 (all cancers) and table 9 (for breast, colorectal, and lung cancers) also show the number of patients included in the analyses for each CCG.

  8. To obtain an unbiased estimation of net survival, age needs to be carefully modelled to account for the informative censoring associated with age.14 We used flexible parametric models, 15,16 with age and year of diagnosis as main effects and an interaction between age and year of diagnosis. We also examined interactions between year and follow-up time and between age and follow-up time to deal with potential non-proportionality of the excess hazards over time since diagnosis. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 17 was used to select the best-fitting statistical model, by testing the relative goodness of fit. A publicly available program (stpm2) was used to estimate net survival.14 Analyses were performed in Stata 14.18

  9. Before constructing the all-cancers combined and three-cancer index, net survival is estimated at 1-year after diagnosis for cancers of the breast (women), colorectal, and lung. In all, 1,423,519 patients were diagnosed with these cancers, constituting 48.5% of all patients included in the analyses. Survival for all other cancers combined (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer and prostate cancer) is then estimated as a single category. For each CCG, type of cancer and sex, net survival is estimated for five age groups at diagnosis (15 to 44, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, 65 to 74 and 75 to 99 years) and each calendar year, using a model that includes age and year of diagnosis. The survival index is then constructed as a weighted average of the net survival estimates for each type of cancer, each sex and each age group.

  10. To enable comparison over time and between geographies, it is necessary to adjust the all-cancers survival index or the three-cancer survival index for changes over time in the profile of cancer patients by age, sex and type of cancer. This is because survival varies widely with all three factors. Overall cancer survival in a given CCG can change simply because the profile of its cancer patients changes, even if survival at each age, for each cancer and in each sex has not changed.

    The survival index is constructed by using a weighted average of all the cancer survival estimates for each age, sex and cancer, using the proportions of cancer patients diagnosed in England and Wales during 1996 to 1999 in each age group, sex and type of cancer as the standard weights. All values of the cancer survival index in that CCG between 1998 and 2013 are adjusted using the same set of standard weights. This means that the survival index can be compared over time and between CCGs, because the index is adjusted for any changes over time or differences between CCGs in the age, sex, or cancer profile of the population.

    Survival estimates for each cancer were also weighted with the proportions of cancer patients diagnosed in England and Wales during 1996 to 1999, in order to age-standardise survival estimates for cancer of the breast (women) and age-sex-standardise for colorectal and lung cancers. However, age-sex-cancer standardisation relies on having an estimate of survival for each combination of age, sex and cancer, for each calendar year and for each CCG. In some CCGs, the populations are quite small. Many of the survival estimates are thus based on fairly small numbers of patients. Even for these very common cancers, it was sometimes impossible to produce robust estimates of survival for one or more of the age groups, most often for patients in the age group 15 to 44 years. In this situation, the missing value is replaced by the equivalent value for NHS Area Team or England. This problem affected 3,552 (10.6%) of the 33,440 separate survival estimates by age, sex, calendar year and CCG for lung cancer, and 1,780 (5.3%) of the 33,440 estimates for colorectal cancer. The problem did not arise for breast cancer.

  11. The precision values presented in the bulletin are calculated as the inverse of the variance of each survival estimate. Precision is not presented for England in the reference tables because it is not needed for interpretation of the funnel plots; the survival estimates for the whole of England have very high precision.

  12. Survival figures are provided to 5 decimal places in the reference tables.

  13. The quality and methodology information report on cancer survival contains further information about these survival estimates.

  14. Survival statistics on cancer for other UK countries are produced:

  15. A list of the names of those given pre-publication access to the statistics and written commentary is available in Pre-release Access List: Cancer Survival 1998 to 2013, followed up to 2014. The rules and principles which govern pre-release access are featured within the Pre-release Access to Official Statistics Order 2008.

  16. Special extracts and tabulations of cancer data for England are available to order for a charge (subject to legal frameworks, disclosure control, resources and agreement of costs, where appropriate). Such enquiries should be made to:

    Cancer and End of Life Care Analysis Team
    Health and Life Events Division
    Office for National Statistics
    Government Buildings
    Cardiff Road
    Newport
    NP10 8XG

    Tel: +44 (0)1633 455704
    Email: cancer.newport@ons.gov.uk

  17. The ONS Charging Policy is available our website.

    We welcome feedback from users on the content, format and relevance of this release. The Health and Life Events User Engagement Strategy is available to download from our website.

    Follow ONS on Twitter and Facebook.

    Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available from the UK Statistics Authority website or from the Media Relations Office.

  18. The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics:

    • meet identified user needs
    • are well explained and readily accessible
    • are produced according to sound methods
    • are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest

    Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed.

    © Crown copyright 2016.

    You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, go to: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.

  19. Issued by:
    Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Cardiff Road, Newport NP10 8XG

    Media contact:
    Tel: Media Relations Office 0845 6041858
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    Email: media.relations@ons.gov.uk

    Statistical contact:
    Tel: Neil Bannister +44 (0)1633 655704
    Email: neil.bannister@ons.gov.uk
    Website: www.ons.gov.uk

  20. Produced in partnership with the Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group

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  21. Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media Relations Office email: media.relations@ons.gov.uk

    These National Statistics are produced to high professional standards and released according to the arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.

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Contact details for this Statistical bulletin

Neil Bannister
cancer.newport@ons.gov.uk
Telephone: +44 (0)1633 455704