Business investment in the UK: October to December 2016 revised results

• Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), in volume terms, increased by 0.1% to £78.1 billion in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016, when compared with Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2016 (£77.9 billion).

• Between Quarter 3 2016 and Quarter 4 2016, business investment, in volume terms, was estimated to have decreased by 0.9%, from £43.9 billion to £43.5 billion.

• Between Quarter 4 2015 and Quarter 4 2016, GFCF was estimated to have increased by 1.0%, from £77.3 billion to £78.1 billion.

• Business investment was estimated to have decreased by 0.9% between Quarter 4 2015 and Quarter 4 2016, from £43.9 billion to £43.5 billion.

• Between 2015 and 2016, GFCF was estimated to have increased by 0.5%, an increase of £1.7 billion.

• Business investment was estimated to have decreased by £2.7 billion between 2015 and 2016, a decrease of 1.5%.

• In line with the National Accounts Revisions Policy, the earliest period being revised in this release is Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2016.

Blue Book 2017

We have recently published an article, annual improvements to gross fixed capital formation source data for Blue Book 2017. This article was published on 16 February 2017 describing the changes that will be introduced in the September business investment release consistent with Blue Book 2017. The changes include updates to source data and methodology improvements.

Purchased software

Following a quality review, it has been identified that the methodology used to estimate elements of purchased software within gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) has led to some double-counting from 1997 onwards. When this issue is amended in the Blue Book 2017, it will reduce the level of GFCF across the period by around 1.1% per year. The average impact on quarter-on-quarter GFCF growth is negative 0.02% and the average impact on quarter-on-quarter gross domestic product (GDP) growth is 0.00%.

This is the second release using the improved gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) estimation system, redeveloped in line with the 5-year strategy for the UK National Accounts, 2015 to 2020 published in July 2015 and recommendations from the Bean Review. This has resulted in some methodological changes to the new GFCF system, including improved deflation and seasonal-adjustment methodology.

Alongside this release, we have produced Business Investment by asset and industry estimates using the new GFCF estimation system for the first time. Further information on the methods changes introduced in the new GFCF estimation system can be found in the article Changes to the Gross Fixed Capital Formation methodology and processing.

A data impact assessment of the new GFCF system (at the time of its introduction in the publication Business investment in the UK: Oct to Dec 2016 provisional results) for the periods Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2016 to Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2016 can be found in the article Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) new system deployment and data impact assessment.

The estimates in this release are short-term indicators of investment in non-financial assets in the UK, such as dwellings, transport equipment, machinery, buildings and intellectual property products. This release covers not only business investment, but asset and sector breakdowns of total gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), of which business investment is one component.

Business investment is net investment by private and public corporations. These include investments in:

• transport

• information and communication technology (ICT) equipment

• other machinery and equipment

• cultivated assets

• intellectual property products (IPP, which includes investment in software, research and development, artistic originals and mineral exploration)

• buildings and other structures

It does not include investment by central or local government, investment in dwellings, or the costs associated with the transfer of non-produced assets (such as land). A full sector and asset hierarchy can be found in the background notes. Business investment is not an internationally recognised concept and therefore it should not be used to make international comparisons.

All investment data referred to in this bulletin are estimates of seasonally adjusted chained volume measures.

Figure 1 shows that the annual level of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) increased in 2016 to £310.8 billion (0.5%) compared with 2015. This is the smallest increase since 2009 when GFCF fell by 15.2%.

Figure 2 shows that in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016, GFCF increased by 0.1% to £78.1 billion when compared with Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2016 (£77.9 billion). Compared with the same quarter a year ago, GFCF increased by £0.8 billion (1.0%). The increase between Quarter 4 2015 and Quarter 4 2016 has been driven by an increase in investment by general government, which contributed 1.1 percentage points to growth.

GFCF is now 2.0% above the pre-economic downturn peak of Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2008 (£76.5 billion) and 30.4% greater than the level seen at the peak of the financial crisis in Quarter 2 (Apr to June ) 2009.

As seen in Figure 2, quarterly growth in GFCF in 2016 has been subdued in comparison with more recent years, with 0.1% growth between Quarter 3 and Quarter 4 2016. This follows 0.0% growth in Quarter 1 2016, an increase of 0.2% in Quarter 2 2016 and 0.6% in Quarter 3 2016.

The annual level of business investment (Figure 3) decreased by 1.5% to £174.5 billion in 2016, when compared with 2015. This is the first annual decrease in business investment since 2009. This decrease is mainly caused by weakness in investment in other buildings and structures, and information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and other machinery and equipment.

Business investment in Quarter 4 2016 decreased by 0.9% (Figure 4) to £43.5 billion, when compared with the previous quarter. This was mainly due to a decrease in investment in other buildings and structures and transport equipment. Business investment is now 6.3% above the pre-economic downturn peak of Quarter 1 2008 (£40.9 billion).

Business investment in Quarter 4 2016 decreased by 0.9% (£0.4 billion) when compared with the same quarter a year ago. This marks 4 consecutive periods of negative growth in business investment when compared with the same quarter a year earlier. Annually, business investment contracted by 1.5% in 2016 when compared with 2015.

As can be seen in Figure 4, business investment in 2016 has seen 2 consecutive quarters of positive growth in Quarter 2 (Apr to June) 2016 (0.8%) and Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2016 (0.4%) and 2 quarters of more negative growth in Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2016 (1.1%) and Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016 (0.9%).

Table 1 shows that in sector terms, the largest level increase in Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016 was seen in private sector dwellings, which rose by £0.2 billion (1.4%) to £16.0 billion. Increases were also seen in general government, which increased by £0.2 billion (1.3%) and private sector cost of ownership transfer of non-produced assets, which increased by £0.1 billion (2.3%). The largest decrease came from business investment, which fell by £0.4 billion (0.9%) when compared with Quarter 3 2016.

When compared with the same quarter a year earlier, GFCF increased by £0.8 billion (1.0%). The largest level increases in Quarter 4 2016 were seen in general government, which increased by £0.8 billion (7.2%) and private sector dwellings, which increased by £0.4 billion (2.6%). The largest decrease came from business investment, which fell by £0.4 billion (0.9%).

Table 2 shows that in asset terms, the largest level increase, quarter-on-quarter, in Quarter 4 2016 was in dwellings, which increased by £0.4 billion (2.2%) to £17.1 billion. Intellectual property products also saw a level increase of £0.3 billion (1.5%). The largest decrease quarter-on-quarter was seen in other buildings and structures and transfer costs, which decreased by £0.3 billion (1.2%).

When compared with the same quarter a year earlier, transport equipment saw the largest level increase of £0.7 billion (18.0%). Intellectual property products also increased quarter on same quarter a year ago, having grown by £0.6 billion (3.9%). These increases were partially offset by a decrease in other buildings and structures and transfer costs, which decreased by 3.7% (£0.9 billion).

Data in this release have been revised from Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2016 to Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016 in line with the National Accounts Revisions Policy. A detailed breakdown of past revisions to business investment can be found using the revisions triangles which accompany this release.

Reasons for revisions in this release are due to updated source data and revised seasonal adjustment. Figure 5 shows current GFCF quarterly growth throughout 2016 compared with that published in the Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016 provisional release.

The largest revision to growth of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) shown in Figure 5 is seen in Quarter 2 (Apr to Jun) 2016, which has been revised upwards from negative 0.2% to 0.2%. This is due to revisions of estimates in general government. The general government revision in Quarter 2 (Apr to Jun) 2016 has also impacted Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2016, contributing to a negative revision from 0.9% to 0.6%.

Business investment revisions are shown in Figure 6. The largest revision is in Quarter 3 2016, which has been revised down from 0.7% to 0.4%. This downward revision is mainly due to decreases in transport equipment and information and communication technology (ICT) and other machinery and equipment.

Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) is estimated to have grown by 1.0% between Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2015 and Quarter 4 2016, following slightly negative growth of negative 0.1% from Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2015 to Quarter 3 2016. For the calendar year of 2016, GFCF was estimated to have grown by 0.5%, the lowest rate of growth for a calendar year since 2009. Total GFCF growth has been consistently slowing since 2014. Quarter on same quarter a year ago growth averaged 6.8% in 2014, fell to 3.5% in 2015 then fell further to 0.5% for 2016. Quarter-on-quarter growth for GFCF saw a slight increase in growth of 0.1% from Quarter 3 2016 to Quarter 4 2016.

On a sector basis, the increase in GFCF quarter on same quarter a year ago was mainly driven by general government, which contributed 1.1 percentage points to growth. This was partially offset by a fall in business investment in the same period, which contributed negative 0.5 percentage points. Business investment is estimated to have fallen by 0.9% between Quarter 3 2016 and Quarter 4 2016. An important factor to consider when looking at business investment is the availability or supply of credit. In the most recent Bank of England Credit Conditions Review, the supply of lending to firms was found to have remained above normal levels. However, survey data suggested that corporate demand for credit continued to soften, mirroring a trend seen in Quarter 3 2016.

On an asset basis, the quarter on same quarter a year ago increase in GFCF was mainly driven by transport equipment and intellectual property products, which contributed 0.9 and 0.8 percentage points to growth respectively. Other buildings, structures and transfer costs partially offset these increases, contributing negative 1.2 percentage points to growth.

Quarter 4 2016 marks 2 full quarters since the UK voted to leave the EU . The Bank of England has upgraded its forecasts for business investment and gross domestic product (GDP) in light of stronger than expected economic performance since the result. The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) cites one of the main reasons for this as the increased confidence in the global economy in the immediate future (particularly in the US) . However, the MPC does predict business investment to be lower in 3 years’ time than the projected level prior to the referendum.

Developments in the housing market can also be an important indicator of investment and wider activity in the economy. The construction sector grew by 1.0% in Quarter 4 2016 when compared with Quarter 3 2016, contributing to annual growth of 2.4% in 2016 (Construction output in Great Britain: Jan 2016 and new orders Oct to Dec 2016). This is mainly driven by an increase in new housing work. Average house prices in the UK have increased by 7.2% in the year to December 2016, continuing the strong growth seen since the end of 2013. However, annual growth in house prices has been weaker in the second half of 2016 compared with the first half of the year.

We also publish additional analyses of GFCF, business investment and the Quarterly Acquisitions and Disposals of Capital Assets Survey, which have been created in response to user requests. For enquiries about user-requested data email gcf@ons.gov.uk.

Adjustments

Large capital expenditure tends to be reported later in the data collection period than smaller capital expenditure. This means that larger expenditures are often included in the revised (month 3) results, but are not reported in time for the provisional (month 2) results, leading to a tendency towards upwards revisions in the later estimates for business investment and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF). Following investigation of the impact of this effect, from Quarter 3 (July to Sept) 2013, in the revised estimate a bias adjustment was introduced to GFCF and its components.

A bias adjustment has not been included in the revised (month 3) release for Quarter 4 (Oct to Dec) 2016.

In order to try and improve the quality of the response from our data suppliers, clearer instructions were added to the Quarterly Survey of Capital Expenditure. These updates are outlined in the provisional Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2015 Business investment release. Feedback from some respondents indicated that they had been misreporting their asset breakdown and were correcting this on the new questionnaire. We found that some respondents were reporting new construction work as other capital equipment (OCE). From Quarter 1 2015, respondents to the survey are now reporting more in new construction work at the expense of other capital equipment. To remain consistent with the previous data, we have made some adjustments to the assets in the current price series in Quarter 1 2015 to Quarter 4 2016. These adjustments are shown in Table 3.

Survey response rates

Table 4 presents the provisional (month 2) and revised (month 3) response rates for the Quarterly Acquisitions and Disposals of Capital Assets Survey (QCAS). The estimates in this release are based on the Quarter 4 2016 month 3 (revised) survey results.

The Business investment Quality and Methodology Information document contains important information on:

• the strengths and limitations of the data and how it compares with related data

• uses and users of the data

• how the output was created

• the quality of the output including the accuracy of the data

The changes signposted in this bulletin (see Background notes – sections 4 and 5) have not yet been reflected in either the Quality Survey of Capital Expenditure QMI or the Business Investment QMI, but changes will be incorporated into revised QMIs in the future.

International business investment comparisons are not available on a like-for-like basis, as the compilation of European statistics on business investment differs from the data provided within this release. However, European estimates of business investment provided by Eurostat, the European statistical office, can be found on the Eurostat website.

Business investment in the UK accounts for over half of total gross fixed capital formation (GFCF).

The GSS Business Statistics – interactive user guide is an interactive tool to help you find what business and economic statistics are available, and choose the right data for your needs.

We publish the following statistical releases, which provide complementary information on UK business and economic performance:

• Profitability of UK companies – quarterly data on capital employed by private non-financial corporations (PNFCs); contains annual, net and gross rates of return (expressed as percentages) on capital used by PNFCs

• Quarterly National Accounts – includes UK data on GFCF and changes in inventories

• UK Economic Accounts – quarterly detailed estimates of national product, income and expenditure, UK Sector Accounts and UK Balance of Payments, including data on GFCF

• UK National Accounts: the Blue Book – annual publication of the UK National Accounts, including data on GFCF

• Retail sales – monthly estimate of UK retail sales

• UK manufacturers' sales by product (PRODCOM) – annual output by manufacturers

• Labour market statistics – monthly data on employment, unemployment, economic inactivity, claimant count, average earnings, labour productivity, vacancies and labour disputes

• Business demography – annual statistics on UK business births, deaths and survival