Index of Private Housing Rental Prices, UK: April 2023

• Private rental prices paid by tenants in the UK rose by 4.8% in the 12 months to April 2023, up from 4.7% in the 12 months to March 2023.

• Annual private rental prices increased by 4.7% in England, 4.8% in Wales, and 5.2% in Scotland in the 12 months to April 2023.

• Within England, the highest annual percentage change in private rental prices in the 12 months to April 2023 was in London and Yorkshire and The Humber, at 5.0%, while the North East saw the lowest (4.2%).

• London's annual percentage change in private rental prices was 5.0% in the 12 months to April 2023, above the England average and its highest annual rate since November 2012.

Private rental prices paid by tenants in the UK increased by 4.8% in the 12 months to April 2023, representing the largest annual percentage change since this UK series began in January 2016.

The annual growth rate of private rental prices in the UK began to increase in the second half of 2021. Annual growth was seen across all regions except London, where prices decreased. The annual percentage change in rents increased across all regions in 2022, including in London, and this has continued in early 2023.

In the 12 months to April 2023, rental prices for the UK (excluding London) increased by 4.8%, up from an increase of 4.7% in the 12 months to March 2023. Private rental prices in London increased by 5.0% in the 12 months to April 2023, up from an increase of 4.8% in the 12 months to March 2023. This is the strongest annual percentage change in London since November 2012.

The Association of Residential Letting Agents (ARLA) state in their April 2023 Housing Insight Report that demand for property continues to grow but that rental stock remains low. This means that pressure on rent prices remains, with half of responding agents reporting rents increasing month-on-month on average.

The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) reported in their April 2023 UK Residential Market Survey that national tenant demand increased in the three months to April. On the same basis, a fall in landlord instructions was noted. With demand continuing to outstrip supply, rental prices were anticipated to be driven higher over the near-term.

Supply and demand pressures can take time to be reflected in the Index of Private Housing Rental Prices (IPHRP). This is because the IPHRP reflects price changes for all private rental properties, rather than only newly advertised rental properties. Our Measuring rents: stock vs flow blog post explains how we measure price change in the IPHRP.

In England, private rental prices increased by 4.7% in the 12 months to April 2023. When London is excluded from England, private rental prices increased by 4.6% in the 12 months to April 2023. The figures are the highest annual percentage changes since these series began in January 2006.

Private rental prices in Wales increased by 4.8% in the 12 months to April 2023. This is up from an increase of 4.4% in March 2023, and is the highest annual percentage change since the Wales series began in January 2010.

Private rental prices in Scotland increased by 5.2% in the 12 months to April 2023. This is up from an increase of 5.1% in March 2023, and is the highest annual percentage change since the Scotland series began in January 2012. The Cost of Living (Tenant Protection) Scotland Bill capped mid-tenancy rental price increases to 0% (and up to 3% in certain circumstances) until 31 March 2023. On 1 April 2023, this rental price increase cap was increased to 3% (and up to 6% in certain circumstances). This rental price cap only applies to in-tenancy rent increases, with no restriction on rent increases for new lets.

The rise in annual rental price inflation for Scotland since this bill was passed will largely reflect increasing rental prices from new lets as they continue to feed into the Scotland IPHRP stock measure. There are also compositional differences between the Scotland rental data and Scotland's rental sector. Measures for Scotland are mainly based on advertised rental data, along with assumptions on average periods between rent price increases, so changes in rents for existing tenants are largely estimated. The IPHRP methodology assumes that rental price remains constant for up to 14 months if updated rental data for that property is not available. The Cost of Living Scotland Bill could lead to an increase in the average length of time that rental price remains unchanged. If the average time between rental price changes is above the assumed 14 months, then IPHRP methodology will present higher estimates of rising rental costs in the overall market in Scotland. This is because only a small proportion of the sample is based on updated rental data from existing lets, and replacement data will be predominantly based on uncapped newly advertised rents. Users are advised to bear this in mind when interpreting the estimates for Scotland and comparing with other UK countries.

Private rental prices in Northern Ireland increased by 9.8% in the 12 months to February 2023, higher than other countries of the UK. Northern Ireland data lags behind the rest of the UK and will be updated in our next Index of Private Housing Rental Prices, UK bulletin, to be published on 21 June 2023.

Of the English regions, the highest annual rental price percentage change in the 12 months to April 2023 was 5.0% in both London and Yorkshire and The Humber. Of the English regions, the lowest annual rental price percentage change in the 12 months to April 2023 was in the North East at 4.2%, down from the record high of 4.3% in March 2023.

Figure 5: London rental prices experienced larger peaks and troughs than other regions

Index of Private Housing Rental Prices percentage change over 12 months, by English region, January 2007 to April 2023

Notes:

1. The grey line shows England's 12 month average rental price percentage change.

Download the data

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Index of Private Housing Rental Prices (IPHRP)

The IPHRP measures the change in the price that tenants face when renting residential property from private landlords.

Administrative data

Administrative data are data that people have already provided to the government through day-to-day activities, for example, health records, social security payments, or educational attainment information.

Economic statistics governance after EU Exit

More information regarding the new governance following UK's exit from the EU (Brexit) is available in our Index of Private Housing Rental Prices, UK: September 2022 bulletin.

Future developments

Following the Digital Economy Act 2017, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) gained access to Valuation Office Agency (VOA) private rental microdata. We aim to redevelop the Index of Private Housing Rental Prices (IPHRP) and private rental market summary statistics (PRMS) to produce mix-adjusted average rental prices that are comparable over time. We also aim to refine geography to lower geographic levels, to better meet user needs.

An overview of the methodology that we intend to use is available in our article, The redevelopment of private rental prices statistics, intended methodology. We will now need to spend more time ensuring the production system is developed on a strategic platform and is sustainable. This has resulted in our initial timetable being out of date. More information, and an updated timetable for these developments, is available in our Private rental prices development plan: updated February 2022. If you have any queries or feedback on these developments, please email us at hpi@ons.gov.uk.

Sources

The IPHRP is created using administrative data. This means that the index makes use of data that are already collected for other purposes to estimate rental prices. The sources of private rental prices are the VOA, Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Housing Executive (NIHE). Data for Northern Ireland also include data provided by Propertynews.com.

The sources of the annually updated Index of Private Housing Rental Prices, UK: annual weights analysis dataset are the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC), Scottish Government, Welsh Government, NIHE and VOA.

The IPHRP's indices are updated on a monthly basis with the new monthly estimate. Data are indexed with January 2015 as a base year. Data for England are provided from January 2005, data for Wales from January 2009, and data for Scotland from January 2011. UK data are from January 2015.

Northern Ireland rental data are not available for the latest two months. To produce provisional estimates of UK private rental price index and annual percentage change for the latest two months, Northern Ireland's index has been carried forward (i.e. rental price inflation has been assumed to be 0% for the latest two months). Each subsequent month, updated Northern Ireland data are used to revise estimates for the UK. This means there is a two-month revision period for the UK estimates in IPHRP.

Quality

More information on strengths, limitations, appropriate uses, and how the data were created is available in our Index of Private Housing Rental Prices Quality and Methodology Information (QMI).

Strengths

The Index of Private Housing Rental Prices (IPHRP) is constructed using large administrative sources, specified in Section 7: Measuring the data. Annually, over 450,000 private rental prices are collected in England, 30,000 in Wales, 25,000 in Scotland and 15,000 in Northern Ireland. The index not only measures the change in newly advertised rental prices, but reflects price changes for all private rental properties, including for existing tenancies.

Limitations

The IPHRP is published as price indices, rather than average prices. It is also only published down to a country and regional level. While average rental price levels cannot currently be published in IPHRP because of data access constraints, our redevelopment of private rental prices statistics work aims to address this.

The IPHRP is released as Experimental Statistics, and is subject to revisions if improvements in the methodology are identified. Results should be interpreted with this in mind.