Producer price inflation, UK: September 2018

• The headline rate of output inflation for goods leaving the factory gate was 3.1% on the year to September 2018, up from 2.9% in August 2018.

• The growth rate of prices for materials and fuels used in the manufacturing process rose to 10.3% on the year to September 2018, up from 9.4% in August 2018.

• All product groups provided upward contributions to output and input annual inflation.

• Annual inflation remained positive for both input and output indices for the 27th consecutive month; this is the longest period where both indices have displayed positive growth since May 2012.

The factory gate price (output price) is the amount received by UK producers for the goods that they sell to the domestic market. It includes the margin that businesses make on goods, in addition to costs such as labour, raw materials and energy, as well as interest on loans, site or building maintenance, or rent.

The input price measures the price of materials and fuels bought by UK manufacturers for processing. It includes materials and fuels that are both imported or sourced within the domestic market. It is also not limited to materials used in the final product, but includes what is required by businesses in their normal day-to-day running, such as fuels.

The use of core input inflation removes the more volatile indices of food, tobacco, beverages and petrol from our statistics.

Index numbers shown in the main text of this bulletin are on a net sector basis. The index for any industry relates only to transactions between that industry and other industries; sales and purchases within industries are excluded.

Indices relate to average prices for a month. The full effect of a price change occurring part way through any month will only be reflected in the following month’s index.

All index numbers exclude Value Added Tax (VAT). The Soft Drinks Industry Levy, introduced in April 2018, is also excluded. Excise Duty (on cigarettes, manufactured tobacco, alcoholic liquor and petroleum products) is included, except where labelled otherwise.

Each Producer Price Index (PPI) has two unique identifiers: a 10-digit index number, which relates to the SIC code appropriate to the index and a four-character alpha-numeric code (series ID), which can be used to find series when using the time series dataset for PPI.

Figures for the latest two months are provisional and the latest five months are subject to revisions in light of late and revised respondent data. Revisions to seasonal adjustment factors are re-estimated every month for the seasonally adjusted series. A routine seasonal adjustment review is normally conducted in the autumn each year.

Figure 1 shows input and output Producer Price Indices (PPI) across the past 15 years. Input PPI is driven mostly by commodity prices, which tend to be more volatile over time compared with prices for finished goods. Input PPI is also sensitive to exchange rate movements as roughly two-thirds of inputs into the UK manufacturing sector are imported.

The annual rate of inflation for goods leaving the factory gate (output prices) rose by 0.2 percentage points to 3.1% in September 2018 (Table 1). The 12-month rate of output inflation has remained positive since July 2016. On the month, output inflation rose to 0.4%.

The largest contribution to both the annual and monthly rate for output inflation came from petroleum products.

Table 2 shows monthly and annual growth rates for output prices by product group and Figure 2 shows contributions by those product groups to the monthly and annual rate of inflation.

Petroleum products provided the largest upward contribution of 0.99 percentage points to the annual rate (Figure 2), driven by price growth of 13.5% on the year to September 2018 (Table 2). This growth was driven mainly by prices for diesel and gas oil, which slowed to 12.8% on the year in September 2018 from 13.7% in August 2018.

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products showed the second-largest upward contribution of 0.51 percentage points to the annual rate, with a 12-month rate of 6.7% in September 2018.

The monthly rate of output inflation was 0.4%, with the largest upward contribution from petroleum products (0.16 percentage points). The monthly growth for petroleum products rose by 0.6 percentage points to 1.6% in September 2018.

Figure 3 shows contributions to the change in the annual rate for factory gate prices (output prices).

Six product groups provided upward contributions to the 0.2 percentage points increase in the rate between August 2018 and September 2018. The largest upward movements came from food products and other manufactured products, at 0.14 and 0.07 percentage points respectively.

Petroleum products provided the largest downward contribution to the change in the rate, at 0.12 percentage points.

The annual rate of inflation for materials and fuels purchased by manufacturers (input prices) increased to 10.3% in September 2018, up 0.9 percentage points from August 2018 (Table 3). The 12-month rate of input inflation has been positive since July 2016. The annual rate was driven by crude oil prices, which slowed to 38.2% in September 2018 from 41.0% in August 2018. September maintains 26 months of positive inflation for crude oil.

The one-month rate for materials and fuels rose to 1.3% in September 2018, up from 1.2% in August 2018 (Table 3). The monthly rate was also driven by crude oil prices.

The annual rate of inflation for imported materials and fuels was 8.9% in September 2018 (Table 4), up from 8.5% in August 2018. Imported materials and fuels represent roughly two-thirds of overall materials and fuels (input prices) in terms of index weight.

The sterling effective exchange rate index (ERI) rose 0.8% to 78.2 on the month in September 2018 (Table 4), the first increase since April 2018. In September 2018, the 12-month rate was 1.4%, down from 2.5% in August 2018. There is a base year effect contributing to the decrease in the annual rate as the ERI had a slower increase in September 2018 (a positive 1.0% on the month) compared with the same period last year (a positive 2.1% on the month).

All else equal, a stronger sterling effective exchange rate will lead to less expensive inputs of imported materials and fuels.

Table 5 shows monthly and annual growth rates for input prices by product group and Figure 4 shows contributions by those product groups to the monthly and annual rate of input price inflation.

The largest upward contribution to the annual rate in September 2018 came from crude oil, which contributed 5.85 percentage points (Figure 4) and had annual price growth of 38.2% (Table 5). The upward contribution from crude oil was driven mainly by imported crude petroleum and natural gas prices, which rose 38.0% on the year.

Fuel and home-produced food provided the second- and third-largest contributions to the annual rate, with 1.58 and 0.78 percentage points respectively. Fuel prices rose 15.2% on the year, the highest value the annual rate has been since April 2011, while prices for home-produced food rose 5.4%.

Crude oil prices were the main contributor to the monthly input inflation rate, with an upward contribution of 0.63 percentage points and a price growth of 3.3%.

Figure 5 shows contributions to the change in the annual rate of inflation for fuels and materials purchased by manufacturers (input prices).

There was a 0.9 percentage points increase in the annual rate for inputs between August 2018 and September 2018, with seven product groups displaying upward contributions to the change in the rate. Fuel provided the largest upward contribution of 0.4 percentage points. The second-largest upward contribution to the change in rate came from home food materials (home-produced food) at 0.36 percentage points.

Imported metals and crude oil were the two product groups with negative contributions of 0.14 and 0.10 percentage points respectively.

In addition to the data included within this statistical bulletin, the following detailed datasets are available:

Aerospace and electronic cost indices time series data
Producer Price Index time series data

Higher, lower and equal movements for each Producer Price Index are shown in the Producer price inflation records: monthly figures.

A summary of the revisions to PPI data are available in the PPI revision triangles:

Producer price inflation revision triangle: total output 12-months (JVZ7)
Producer price inflation revision triangle: total output 1-month (JVZ7)
Producer price inflation revision triangle: total input 12-months (K646)
Producer price inflation revision triangle: total input 1-month (K646)

Other important measures of inflation and prices include the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) and the Services Producer Price Index (SPPI).

The Producer Price Index (PPI) Quality and Methodology Information report contains important information on:

• the strengths and limitations of the data and how it compares with related data

• uses and users of the data

• how the output was created

• the quality of the output including the accuracy of the data

If you would like more information about the reliability of the data, a PPI standard errors article was published on 18 May 2018. The tables present the calculated standard errors of the PPI during the period January 2017 to December 2017, for both month-on-month and 12-month growth.

Guidance on using indices in indexation clauses (PDF, 197KB) covers producer prices, services producer prices and consumer prices.

An up-to-date manual for the PPI, including the import and export index, is now available. PPI methods and guidance (PDF, 1.18MB) provides an outline of the methods used to produce the PPI as well as information about recent PPI developments.

Gross sector basis figures, which include intra-industry sales and purchases, are shown in PPI dataset Tables 4 and 6.

The detailed input indices of prices of materials and fuels purchased by industry (PPI dataset Table 6) do not include the Climate Change Levy (CCL). This is because each industry can, in practice, pay its own rate for the various forms of energy, depending on the various negotiated discounts and exemptions that apply.